However, there is a biggest dilemma in expanding overseas, that is, the more they spread their forces overseas, the more they can get rid of the threat of Germany to France.
Therefore, even if it is expanding, it is difficult to expand with peace of mind. They need the support of other big countries more than they need.
There is no doubt that there is no country in Europe that can compare with Russia in terms of population, and only 90 million people will reach 150 million before the First World War. Economically speaking, although the industrial base is still weak, the industrialization speed is very fast, especially in the field of tea and silk industry, even if these two industries can not become pillar industries, they are of great economic significance because they are highly commercialized.
The most important thing is that there are almost no natural enemies in East Asia, so that the world can find allies. France feels that it can cooperate with Germany in East Asia, although it can weaken Germany’s threat to other countries, it can effectively guarantee France’s interests in East Asia and help France further expand its interests in the Far East to make up for its weak economy.
Therefore, the French have been actively looking for a big one for a long time. They hope to deepen the integration with the big exhibition in East Asia, including industry and finance. France believes that the two countries have broad integration, but Zhu Jinglun’s willingness to change was not strong before the big economic recession, so he did not integrate with the French. Now, for the sake of checks and balances, Britain is considering improving its economic conditions and being more able to undertake reforms. Then it might as well establish a long-term positive and constructive deep integration with France
Section six hundred and thirty-six Face-to-face method
Both sides have their own wishes and expressed their willingness to consider France’s extensive and active participation in the collegiate exhibition. After the close of the exhibition, the French people responded positively. After the initial contact between the two sides, the French quickly sent the most professional experts from China to discuss.
Both sides have set up the most professional teams to carry out the widest and deepest integration. The breadth and depth make the French somewhat unbelievable, because even a European country can’t easily carry out this level of integration with another country. What’s worse, two countries with such huge cultural differences, especially one of the most conservative East Asian countries.
At one time, France was a little worried about whether the legal state could afford it, but it showed a positive and optimistic attitude and firmly believed that Asia and Europe, the two countries with the most historical and cultural heritage, would burst into super power buried in the cultural level.
The French are so worried because they have brought many core areas to France, such as the national weights and measures system and monetary policy.
It was decided to abandon the ancient system of unified weights and measures and adopt the system of French international units.
Compared with China’s ancient measurements such as size and weight, French measurements in modern times are obviously more scientific than British measurements. For example, many British units are actually kings who set feet and inches at will. I heard that feet are men’s feet. Later, when building railways, the standard rule was directly the width of the buttocks of two British horses because the earliest train was horse-drawn.
This kind of early classical weights and measures all had this drawback. In the 2nd century, the British all gave up the English units, while the United States persisted.
The United States can be self-contained because the United States is a world, but Europe needs to be United and does not want to maintain its own weights and measures like the United States. Zhu Jinglun believes that although China is also a world, China will be stronger if China can be more open to the world.
It is very reasonable to choose French weights and measures, because this standard is adopted by the later world.
French weights and measures are more in line with the scientific spirit. For example, their unit of length "meter" was made up of French scientists in May 179, and the special committee recommended that the meridian of the earth in Paris be 40 million, and the unit of length is one meter, which is obviously much more scientific than measuring the length of men’s feet casually.
More importantly, the French International System of Units (SI) has a connection between various weights and measures, such as "ton" and "meter". When one cubic meter of water is connected with one ton, it is because western clocks and watches have formed a preliminary understanding in China for a long time, and the combination of length and time is the speed unit.
Total French weights and measures is a set of standard units based on scientific calculation.
However, the university does not intend to give up the old system completely, because it will cost a lot to change the old system, and the ancient books of literature and history and accounting books will be recorded in the old unit. It will cost a lot to change it, so the government intends to unify the university’s weights and measures with the state units by establishing a joint with France.
The specific method is to introduce the scientific "meter", and a Chinese unit stipulates that the size of the unified unit should be re-measured with the meter. One foot standard, one third of a meter inch, and thirty-first meter stipulates the length. In fact, it is stipulated in disguise that the weight is one kilogram, which is the old standard. The weight of ordinary people is more than 59 grams, while that of marine mining is about 66 grams, which is not uniform.
In addition, this unit is actually a unit of measurement equal to one ton, but it is unscientific to measure grain by quantity. The weight of a bucket, a ton and a ton of grain can vary a lot in different conditions such as wet and dry degree and grain fullness.
The sea burden makes the weight calculation 1 Jin, which is also different from the national sea.
In fact, all the weights and measures should have been changed a long time ago.
The French were surprised to make the whole French unit system at one time. In fact, they wanted to reform themselves, but instead they pulled out and joined forces with France, which surprised the French for a while.
After adopting the French standard system, the weight unit of half a catty was abolished, and the weight of one catty and 500 grams was re-approved. However, in order to reduce it, it was changed to keep close to the old unit as far as possible. For example, one load used to be 100 kilograms, which is equivalent to 120 kilograms now, so it is directly stipulated that one load in Houhai is 120 new "kilograms"
Changing weights and measures still shocked France, and it surprised the French somewhat that the big currency reform should be consistent with France.
As early as Napoleon’s time, France tried to implement a unified monetary system in addition to the international system of units. Napoleon suggested that he send the brothers to the thrones of various countries to keep in line with France when casting money, so that it would be convenient to develop trade with each other.
Because Napoleon was so powerful at that time, his brother Louis was the first to accept this proposal when he became the king of the Netherlands by force. Later, Napoleon’s army flattened other European countries and established a monetary system with France, initially forming a unified European monetary area. Later, many national currencies were called francs.
After Napoleon’s nephew Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte became the French emperor again, in 165, he once again proposed that European countries establish a unified monetary union. All countries have French monetary system. The gold content of the main currency is set at 293,225 grams of gold or 45 grams of silver, and the face value of the main currency is 1, 5, 2, 1 and 5 francs. At the same time, 5, 2, 1 francs and 5, 2 centimetres of silver coins are issued, but less than 2 centimetres of secondary coins cannot be circulated in all countries. Because all countries have previously implemented the same monetary system, they have adopted them.
Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte’s intention to establish a monetary union obviously has political factors besides facilitating trade. If the mainland adopts French monetary units, it will obviously greatly enhance France’s international status.
Now, the acceptance of the French national currency by such a big country in the East may have more important political significance for the French Third Republic, whose international status has been greatly reduced.
But at the same time, what is more important is the economic significance. If France and big currencies can be unified, then France’s trade with big countries will definitely gain the advantage over Britain’s. Establishing good trade with such a big country is an evaluation of France’s economic promotion law
Therefore, France has actively promised to help and is willing to lend 11 francs of stable new currency funds.
On the other hand, in fact, the big money body has to be changed. The disaster relief has made a huge amount of bonds, which has caused the financial body to be hit hard. The paper money has been completely decoupled from precious metals, but it is still depreciating. The ratio of exchange with silver has changed from two to one in the first half of the year to three to one. Obviously, if there is no reform, the big money body may collapse.
The biggest purpose of the new monetary system is to re-establish links with precious metals. At present, the great powers are promoting the gold position advocated by the British, because gold is more stable than silver, but it is unrealistic for a country with a unified silver currency to rashly establish the gold position. There is not so much gold reserve and a huge foreign debt. It is an idiotic dream to establish the gold position. Forcing it will be another collapse.
However, the French advocate Latin monetary union, because it not only defines the gold content of currency, but also stipulates that the silver content is actually a kind of gold and silver reset, which is a very realistic choice for not being able to reach the gold position in one step. However, in fact, France’s own Latin monetary union is also disintegrating, and silver is becoming less and less valuable. To a certain extent, France has actually changed its gold position and constantly revised the ratio of currency to silver to maintain the price of gold and silver, which is also a consequence of the decline of France’s economic status after the Franco-Prussian War.
In fact, it is more symbolic to join the Latin monetary union. I am afraid that more silver will be priced by correcting the price comparison with gold to appreciate and depreciate the currency.
Since the French are willing to borrow a lot of money when the big finance is about to go bankrupt, of course, they are willing to just lack a reform experience, so they readily accept it.
Like rebuilding weights and measures, the monetary reform is also completed by redefining the content of precious metals in the currency.
The new currency unit is still two, but the weight unit of two has become the standard 50 grams. At this time, the international gold price is 1 to 16, which stipulates that the precious metal content of one or two banknotes is 3125 grams of gold or 5 grams of silver.
And cast the first batch of standard gold and silver coins.
Compared with these extremely eye-catching, politically meaningful weights and measures and financial cooperation in other aspects may be more meaningful, but they lack enough eye-catching highlights, because the scope of cooperation between the two sides in other aspects is too wide, in other words, the establishment of a unified economic and trade.
The specific measures are that both sides introduce specific measures to promote the expansion of trade scale, and through taxes and subsidies, the current trade volume between the two sides will be doubled in the next five years.
Section six hundred and thirty-seven British minor movements
In the positive situation of both sides, a huge French Trade Expansion Agreement was soon promulgated.
According to the agreement, France and France will jointly promote the export of raw silk to France and give up the export tax on raw silk exported to France. France will give up the tax on imported raw silk while retaining the tax reduction on raw silk exported to France.
The so-called reservation meaning and force means that once the other party has taken all measures to reach the target value of expanding trade scale, the other party’s reservation power will change immediately. If the target is achieved, the other party can choose to implement it or not.
That is to say, in five years, if the export law of French raw silk doubles, the general will take the lead in reducing the turnover tax in the circulation process, which is equivalent to the tax rebate subsidy. If the target is still achieved, France will also give import subsidies accordingly.
In addition to the obvious advantages for raw silk trade, there is also a clear tendency for French industries such as steel industry.
After the Franco-Prussian War, it was almost a national policy for France to attach importance to heavy industry and vigorously build it. Even Nobel ushered in the spring. Although he did not produce military gunpowder, his gunpowder was used as a blasting tool by the Prussian army in the war. After the war, France finally gave Nobel permission to set up a factory in France, which not only changed the previous attitude of prohibiting private production of gunpowder, but also gave him a loan to set up a factory.
France attaches great importance to industry, especially the steel industry, which is closely related to military production. It is a thriving steel importing country, and the demand for steel is increasing day by day. Before that, it was a tax monopoly of British steel industry. Now France has not only received tax treatment, but it is likely to enjoy subsidies from both countries, which is a great benefit to the French steel industry.
Compared with other products, there are more than 30 kinds of French ready-made clothes, perfumes, red wine, clocks and watches, paper fans, embroidery, straw weaving, ceramics and so on.
Both sides almost at the same time in addition to each other’s various handicraft taxes.
Because France believes that their various fashions and luxuries can win the hearts of the middle class, it is also full of confidence in its own large-scale handicrafts
Zhu Jinglun is not so confident. He believes that with the advantage of cultural discourse, French luxury will soon occupy the pockets of the growing rich, but he believes that China handicrafts will also enter the French market in a big way and sell well in other countries after being tested in France, the world luxury market.
After a month of friendly negotiations, before January 22, 179, that is, Ding Younian in China, the twelfth year of Japanese rule in the fifth year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (counting from the accession of Bei Tuo to the throne in 166), France and France signed a huge treaty before the Lunar New Year and stipulated that it should be implemented immediately after the China New Year, which showed that the two countries were equally anxious.
At this time, the deep economic crisis in Britain is becoming more and more serious. The British cotton textile industry is still expanding its production scale during the economic crisis, and as a result, an outbreak at this time has led to a deep crisis in Britain.
In fact, this has a lot to do with the industrial development of western countries. Britain pursues the policy of free trade, but Germany and other countries adopt the policy of trade protection. As a result, all countries have started the national industrial revolution one after another, and the textile industry is at war in China. Even Russia has a large-scale textile industry. American cotton and British cotton yarn raw materials produce cloth.
The industrial development of these countries has greatly resisted the import of British products. As a result, Europe, the richest country in the world, is a small market for Britain. The biggest customer of British cotton textiles turned out to be barren. India, the world’s largest cotton textile producer in the past, was able to impose a high cotton textile tax rate in India because of the British law. It imposed a much higher tax on British workshops than on British machine factories, and greatly reduced the British cotton textile tax policy, making India a colonial economy that exported cotton raw materials and imported cotton yarn and cotton cloth.
However, even though India imports 70% of the cotton cloth exported by Britain, India’s huge population consumes 150,000 tons of cotton cloth in Britain every year, accounting for 54% of the total consumption. The market occupied by the British cotton cloth law is exquisite Indian handmade cotton cloth, but the sales of Indian handicrafts are getting narrower and narrower with the increasing poverty of Indians. As a result, the number of Indian textile workers has dropped from 60,000 in 15 years to 250,000.
India’s cotton yarn industry has developed rapidly due to the introduction of British cotton yarn machines. The number of spindles has increased from 33 in 161 to 593 in 174, and the demand for cotton has doubled. Indian textile enterprises can not only meet the local market, but also have the ability to export. At this time, the scale of Indian textile industry is still very small compared with that of Britain. The annual consumption of cotton by Indian textile mills is only 7% of that of British textile mills, but the British can no longer sit still.
India imposed taxes on British cotton yarn, and the British imposed taxes on Indian cotton yarn. The colonial government also implemented heavy production taxes in India, and the industrialization of Indian cotton yarn was interrupted.
